Brazil’s Mines and Energy and the city bus company had launched the first hydrogen fuel cell buses in Sao Paulo city of Latin America, which is the Government of Brazil to promote energy emissions the efficient movement, one of the main points.
We learn that the car 12 meters long, the passenger capacity of 63 persons, the use of fuel cells and hydrogen battery systems combine high-power hybrid. Hydrogen fuel cell can drive the car driven 300 km, and the other a NP-FC11 battery can provide additional power of 50 km. In addition, Sao Paulo, Brazil Oil Company opened its first hydrogen filling station for cars, hydrogen fuel to produce 120 kg per day.
Officials in charge of the project Carlos (Carlos Zundt) said that the car during driving, only emissions of steam, is “completely clean”. He also said that 95% of air pollution in São Paulo is from automobile exhaust.
However, not everyone is optimistic about cars with hydrogen fuel battery. Some critics have noted that the costs of production hydrogen fuel are relatively high, it should consider alternative sources of clean energy to fuel automobiles.
Reports of local research said that Brazil is the world’s first five countries developed of this car, on foot ahead of China, the United States, Germany and Japan.
joi, 7 ianuarie 2010
Ni-MH battery charging time calculation
Perhaps you may have a universal right is very concerned about the battery issue is how long the battery should be considered sufficiently full? Many of my friends are worried that lack of time, lack of battery power, but also may shorten battery life, time is too long, they may damage cellular phones and battery. Thus, we should demand more than enough time? Introduce here a simple calculation:
The overall size of the battery capacity is indicated on the battery mA as a unit, plus the highest value of capacity.
For example: battery capacity is 1200mAh indicated milliampere 1200. Meanwhile, Charger generally marked by the current load, uses the same units of mA.
In this way, the duration of the battery can be simply calculated using the following formula: the battery capacity divided by the load current, then multiplied by a factor of 1.2 (1.1), Units every few hours. For example: the battery capacity of 1200 mA charge current of 600 mA BP-511 charger, charging time is (1200 mA / 600 mA) × 1.2 = 2.4 hours, then use that piece of the battery charger charging time for 2.4 hours.
The above calculation does not apply to a new battery. In general, the new battery before charging three times, including nickel, cadmium batteries and nickel-metal hydride batteries, the standard rate in 15 hours (0.1C) to allow the use of time achieve maximum battery. After the fire of the above method may be the charge time.
Charger charging current is scored on how many?
Can you give a simple formula: the time to charge and discharge (minutes) * 1.1 = Capacity / Current (mA) * 60
Charging time and battery charge current to charge the battery capacity divided by the current, charging time, given the losses while charging, so that the charging time will be calculated and multiplied by 1.1 or 1.2 of this constant.
According to the ID, you can calculate a difficult period. If the charger is normal, and the current is very low, then the charging time must be very long.
The overall size of the battery capacity is indicated on the battery mA as a unit, plus the highest value of capacity.
For example: battery capacity is 1200mAh indicated milliampere 1200. Meanwhile, Charger generally marked by the current load, uses the same units of mA.
In this way, the duration of the battery can be simply calculated using the following formula: the battery capacity divided by the load current, then multiplied by a factor of 1.2 (1.1), Units every few hours. For example: the battery capacity of 1200 mA charge current of 600 mA BP-511 charger, charging time is (1200 mA / 600 mA) × 1.2 = 2.4 hours, then use that piece of the battery charger charging time for 2.4 hours.
The above calculation does not apply to a new battery. In general, the new battery before charging three times, including nickel, cadmium batteries and nickel-metal hydride batteries, the standard rate in 15 hours (0.1C) to allow the use of time achieve maximum battery. After the fire of the above method may be the charge time.
Charger charging current is scored on how many?
Can you give a simple formula: the time to charge and discharge (minutes) * 1.1 = Capacity / Current (mA) * 60
Charging time and battery charge current to charge the battery capacity divided by the current, charging time, given the losses while charging, so that the charging time will be calculated and multiplied by 1.1 or 1.2 of this constant.
According to the ID, you can calculate a difficult period. If the charger is normal, and the current is very low, then the charging time must be very long.
CLSA: electric vehicles have created tremendous opportunities for lithium battery manufacturers
CLSA (CLSA) September 23 released the report stresses that the post-oil era in lithium battery manufacturers have created tremendous business opportunities, because electric cars lithium battery is the power switch. But the optimal solution remains elusive, due to manufacturers to improve the energy density, longer cycle life, improve safety and reduce costs in a dilemma. In the CLSA Investors’ Forum, CLSA check the cost of the battery, short-term price and economy of electric vehicles. CLSA said that Nissan was the winner of the electric car market. But other manufacturers are difficult to achieve sales targets.
CLSA believes that the current development of lithium car is still too early in the next three years, battery manufacturers and automobile manufacturers will be crucial, because of their need to work together to find the best technology. From 2009 to 2012, automakers have begun to pay attention to the construction of lines initially produces solutions for manufacturing defects and improve yield. CLSA assumptions, to 2012 cells at the lowest cost 60,000 yuan per kWh electric cars to 80,000 cars. Nissan (7201.JP) is the only approach to reduce the cost of sales activities needed.
Electric vehicle market is still nascent, at least that many support of world government, it would be difficult to survive. Consumers are not the only growth driving force. A common concern is to reduce dependence on oil. Other factors include the purpose of improving the competitiveness of the Japanese automotive industry, the Obama administration to employment considerations and objectives of the European carbon emissions. Although sales of 1 million electric cars will require up to a year of 6 billion to 15 billion dollars, but based on the economic recovery, it is very difficult to achieve a fuel economy may be due to arrest or decrease.
CLSA noted that the comparative aspects of the cathode, the cathode of iron phosphate in the U.S. costs 20 U.S. dollars per kilogram in China, 25 U.S. dollars per kilogram. It’s less expensive than the nickel cathode, much cheaper cathode of manganese oxide for 18 U.S. dollars per kilogram. Because of his group of automotive batteries is only 11% even if the costs of halving the invention of the cathode root, except that the composition of the battery was reduced by 5%. Need to increase sales to reduce the cost of raw materials for each individual, and the choice of the cathode alone can not determine the winner in the battery market. Nissan chose the cathode of manganese oxide is the right choice, because hybrid cars of the company are most backward areas.
Focus on issues of safety control of the heat. Iron phosphate has a strong covalent bond, and 400c of oxygen the following does not issue, which is the cause of the fire and explosion. But this does not mean that security issues have been resolved. Anode current collector at 100 C, dissolved, and 150C, when things began to melt segregation, and 200C when the electrolytic decomposition and began to release combustible gases. A certain extent, security focused on thermal control and efficient cooling system to prevent NP-FC11 battery failure caused the heat out of control. No difference in the quality of the battery is also very important because if there are gaps or resistance to the improvement of the battery and all other cells to reduce attacks and life has also become a battery may cause the failure.
Penetration rate by 2015 will be 1.5%. Electric cars, electric cars and plug combination, CLSA is only expected to sell in 2015 will be 1.4 million. 2015 Nissan electric cars account for half of turnover and represents 20% of the plug-in car sales. Kilowatt-hour drive to calculate the U.S. automakers, another big problem, because for example, General Motors, Volvo driving per kilowatt-hour would only 2.5 miles, while plug-in Toyota Prius at least 4.0 miles per kWh. GM’s electric vehicle had to equip the Japanese more than electric cars more than 60% of the EN-EL3e battery to reach the distance traveled. Therefore, in this case, the advantage of lower costs to consumers disappoints.
Automotive Li-ion batteries are the three major Asian exchanges Yuasa, Japan (GS Yuasa, 6674.JP), the unit of earnings growth of CLSA is expected to provide proof of its high valuation, Samsung SDI (Samsung SDI, 006400.KS), have the right to an attractive valuation and prospects of long-term growth, while BYD (01211) The rapid growth of sales and provides the potential leader.
CLSA believes that the current development of lithium car is still too early in the next three years, battery manufacturers and automobile manufacturers will be crucial, because of their need to work together to find the best technology. From 2009 to 2012, automakers have begun to pay attention to the construction of lines initially produces solutions for manufacturing defects and improve yield. CLSA assumptions, to 2012 cells at the lowest cost 60,000 yuan per kWh electric cars to 80,000 cars. Nissan (7201.JP) is the only approach to reduce the cost of sales activities needed.
Electric vehicle market is still nascent, at least that many support of world government, it would be difficult to survive. Consumers are not the only growth driving force. A common concern is to reduce dependence on oil. Other factors include the purpose of improving the competitiveness of the Japanese automotive industry, the Obama administration to employment considerations and objectives of the European carbon emissions. Although sales of 1 million electric cars will require up to a year of 6 billion to 15 billion dollars, but based on the economic recovery, it is very difficult to achieve a fuel economy may be due to arrest or decrease.
CLSA noted that the comparative aspects of the cathode, the cathode of iron phosphate in the U.S. costs 20 U.S. dollars per kilogram in China, 25 U.S. dollars per kilogram. It’s less expensive than the nickel cathode, much cheaper cathode of manganese oxide for 18 U.S. dollars per kilogram. Because of his group of automotive batteries is only 11% even if the costs of halving the invention of the cathode root, except that the composition of the battery was reduced by 5%. Need to increase sales to reduce the cost of raw materials for each individual, and the choice of the cathode alone can not determine the winner in the battery market. Nissan chose the cathode of manganese oxide is the right choice, because hybrid cars of the company are most backward areas.
Focus on issues of safety control of the heat. Iron phosphate has a strong covalent bond, and 400c of oxygen the following does not issue, which is the cause of the fire and explosion. But this does not mean that security issues have been resolved. Anode current collector at 100 C, dissolved, and 150C, when things began to melt segregation, and 200C when the electrolytic decomposition and began to release combustible gases. A certain extent, security focused on thermal control and efficient cooling system to prevent NP-FC11 battery failure caused the heat out of control. No difference in the quality of the battery is also very important because if there are gaps or resistance to the improvement of the battery and all other cells to reduce attacks and life has also become a battery may cause the failure.
Penetration rate by 2015 will be 1.5%. Electric cars, electric cars and plug combination, CLSA is only expected to sell in 2015 will be 1.4 million. 2015 Nissan electric cars account for half of turnover and represents 20% of the plug-in car sales. Kilowatt-hour drive to calculate the U.S. automakers, another big problem, because for example, General Motors, Volvo driving per kilowatt-hour would only 2.5 miles, while plug-in Toyota Prius at least 4.0 miles per kWh. GM’s electric vehicle had to equip the Japanese more than electric cars more than 60% of the EN-EL3e battery to reach the distance traveled. Therefore, in this case, the advantage of lower costs to consumers disappoints.
Automotive Li-ion batteries are the three major Asian exchanges Yuasa, Japan (GS Yuasa, 6674.JP), the unit of earnings growth of CLSA is expected to provide proof of its high valuation, Samsung SDI (Samsung SDI, 006400.KS), have the right to an attractive valuation and prospects of long-term growth, while BYD (01211) The rapid growth of sales and provides the potential leader.
JAPOD’s first batch of “chow nice” battery capacity upgrade
As the mobile Internet, camera, video phone functions such as using more and more consumers are increasingly demanding higher capacity battery, purchase of mobile phone battery when the “ability of Battery “as a benchmark indicator of all, the general pursuit of” super-capacity, long wait. “Currently, many manufacturers are not exactly seized the regular consumption of such consumer psychology, the battery marked grave phenomenon of virtual, standard virtual-200-500MAH are very common in the area, the battery mobile quality, safety concern.
According to industry experts, the battery is the core component of the batteries, discharge valves and the “protection of the IC, which determines the three basic components of a CGA-D54S battery of good performance or bad, and the factor Security. As a kit manufacturer branded batteries preserve the integrity of special operations has been the concept of a very responsible attitude to consumers and to strictly control the quality of the battery, a subsidiary of JAPOD “chow nice” variety of manufacturers well known to use only high grade cell batteries A1, import process, the original pressure valve IC design and circuit protection for safety, to ensure its absolute size, while the real security to effectively prevent the overloading of the battery, more power, excessive discharge.
JAPOD’s “chow nice” cell phone battery, in terms of capacity has always been a big advantage, the capacity that the world renowned brand of the battery capacity of the surface should be much higher, it’s Jermaine special point of product differentiation and positioning high-end A foundation so that the “chow nice” really become the king of endurance of the battery.
In September update a part of battery capacity. Improved capacity of batteries has increased by 50 150 mAh, standby time of 5-12 hours may be extended, an effective solution short of electricity generated by all the inconvenience and trouble.
According to industry experts, the battery is the core component of the batteries, discharge valves and the “protection of the IC, which determines the three basic components of a CGA-D54S battery of good performance or bad, and the factor Security. As a kit manufacturer branded batteries preserve the integrity of special operations has been the concept of a very responsible attitude to consumers and to strictly control the quality of the battery, a subsidiary of JAPOD “chow nice” variety of manufacturers well known to use only high grade cell batteries A1, import process, the original pressure valve IC design and circuit protection for safety, to ensure its absolute size, while the real security to effectively prevent the overloading of the battery, more power, excessive discharge.
JAPOD’s “chow nice” cell phone battery, in terms of capacity has always been a big advantage, the capacity that the world renowned brand of the battery capacity of the surface should be much higher, it’s Jermaine special point of product differentiation and positioning high-end A foundation so that the “chow nice” really become the king of endurance of the battery.
In September update a part of battery capacity. Improved capacity of batteries has increased by 50 150 mAh, standby time of 5-12 hours may be extended, an effective solution short of electricity generated by all the inconvenience and trouble.
The proper use of laptop battery
1. Activation: To just buy laptop battery, we usually want to activate the battery operation, since the new battery May be some remnants of power, need to fix a battery original. In the off state, charge, charging time exceeds 6 hours in the starting state, charge, charging time exceeds 8 hours. This process does not disconnect the external power supply, the first three to use the battery when you’re all used up a new charge and the charge time can be less than the first time, charging time, in order to ensure maximum battery is enabled to ensure efficient use of battery time.
2. Storage: If you do not have the battery can be removed for a long time, but we must ensure that the battery has 40% of electricity, because the battery will be on a daily loss of about 1% of electricity, this action aims to prevent battery over-discharge result of damage, the battery is out of the factory with a I take this into consideration. In addition, every month or two to make a full charge and discharge, to ensure that business-lithium-ion batteries are not lost. Some models have a drum pad, playing the supporting role to mobile phones, remove the battery causes the machine imbalance on this point there is no good solution. However, users can, through their own DIY pad to achieve the same functionality.
3. Using the environment: Try not to use the laptop battery under conditions of high temperature, in the case of high temperatures, shorten the life of the IBM ThinkPad R52 battery cell is more serious, and even there is a risk of explosion, and we try to avoid environmental extremely high or low temperatures, using not only extends battery life of laptop batteries laptops did not help small.
4. Special circumstances: In essence, mobile probability of explosion of the battery is not high if we did not need to have concerns about explosions laptop, but we, during normal use, It should be noted that if the notebook batteries overheating or deformation of expansion, it must be removed immediately stop using the laptop battery in normal use due process, there will be a temperature not too high, while just a feeling of warmth, if calories are relatively high, the battery inside the accumulation of heat occurs case, which is more dangerous.
Laptop Battery FAQ
Plus it is charging, the faster decline in battery life for laptop?
Battery life and lithium battery power on the total price and the number of unrelated charge. This is a battery charge at the plant is a constant of the total, but for the life of the lithium battery, fully discharge the burden of deep and shallow put enough light on the impact of more or less.
2 of my laptop using the instructions written in time for 5 hours Oh, why is the difference so far?
Instructions on the Dell Inspiron 1300 battery in principle, an ideal test time is based on uniform standards in the IT industry test methods obtained similar results. We use everyday in different environments, so the battery life caused by time differences.
3 Why does my laptop not charge to 99%?
In a notebook battery usually in the values for the control circuit of portable power when the control circuit of data recording and battery status of the gap of power itself, the batteries may have been unable to control the circuit record of elegance, which is in fact the battery has been full, the problem can usually be resolved by way of correction, if it is not calibrated for normal use, there is no effect, charging protection circuit can be disconnected automatically after a prolonged period may not be filled to prevent overcharging in host damage.
4 You can manually change our own batteries do?
In principle, not supporting their own spare batteries, and one to destroy the security and, secondly, many manufacturers of circuit protection of the battery is designed to become a self-locking forms, batteries after left control circuit, the circuit is self-locking, so that if the control circuit not the entire battery are facing obsolescence. In addition, said that at present can buy high quality batteries is not much change after the time of life will not be much improved.
Well, said so much, especially for everyone to use the battery and the battery option, some notable places, and our batteries are not thought to be low, it is not a problem in the one-year warranty do? For most users are not particularly picky, there is no need to use too conservative, how to use on how to use, I believe that as long as the methods used are not particularly extreme, and our books of the battery can still endure.
2. Storage: If you do not have the battery can be removed for a long time, but we must ensure that the battery has 40% of electricity, because the battery will be on a daily loss of about 1% of electricity, this action aims to prevent battery over-discharge result of damage, the battery is out of the factory with a I take this into consideration. In addition, every month or two to make a full charge and discharge, to ensure that business-lithium-ion batteries are not lost. Some models have a drum pad, playing the supporting role to mobile phones, remove the battery causes the machine imbalance on this point there is no good solution. However, users can, through their own DIY pad to achieve the same functionality.
3. Using the environment: Try not to use the laptop battery under conditions of high temperature, in the case of high temperatures, shorten the life of the IBM ThinkPad R52 battery cell is more serious, and even there is a risk of explosion, and we try to avoid environmental extremely high or low temperatures, using not only extends battery life of laptop batteries laptops did not help small.
4. Special circumstances: In essence, mobile probability of explosion of the battery is not high if we did not need to have concerns about explosions laptop, but we, during normal use, It should be noted that if the notebook batteries overheating or deformation of expansion, it must be removed immediately stop using the laptop battery in normal use due process, there will be a temperature not too high, while just a feeling of warmth, if calories are relatively high, the battery inside the accumulation of heat occurs case, which is more dangerous.
Laptop Battery FAQ
Plus it is charging, the faster decline in battery life for laptop?
Battery life and lithium battery power on the total price and the number of unrelated charge. This is a battery charge at the plant is a constant of the total, but for the life of the lithium battery, fully discharge the burden of deep and shallow put enough light on the impact of more or less.
2 of my laptop using the instructions written in time for 5 hours Oh, why is the difference so far?
Instructions on the Dell Inspiron 1300 battery in principle, an ideal test time is based on uniform standards in the IT industry test methods obtained similar results. We use everyday in different environments, so the battery life caused by time differences.
3 Why does my laptop not charge to 99%?
In a notebook battery usually in the values for the control circuit of portable power when the control circuit of data recording and battery status of the gap of power itself, the batteries may have been unable to control the circuit record of elegance, which is in fact the battery has been full, the problem can usually be resolved by way of correction, if it is not calibrated for normal use, there is no effect, charging protection circuit can be disconnected automatically after a prolonged period may not be filled to prevent overcharging in host damage.
4 You can manually change our own batteries do?
In principle, not supporting their own spare batteries, and one to destroy the security and, secondly, many manufacturers of circuit protection of the battery is designed to become a self-locking forms, batteries after left control circuit, the circuit is self-locking, so that if the control circuit not the entire battery are facing obsolescence. In addition, said that at present can buy high quality batteries is not much change after the time of life will not be much improved.
Well, said so much, especially for everyone to use the battery and the battery option, some notable places, and our batteries are not thought to be low, it is not a problem in the one-year warranty do? For most users are not particularly picky, there is no need to use too conservative, how to use on how to use, I believe that as long as the methods used are not particularly extreme, and our books of the battery can still endure.
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